Perceptual and acoustic assessment of strain (Park et al., 2020)

<div><b>Purpose: </b>Assessment of strained voice quality is difficult due to the weak reliability of auditory-perceptual evaluation and lack of strong acoustic correlates. This study evaluated the contributions of relative fundamental frequency (RFF) and mid-to-high frequency noise to the perception of strain.</div><div><b>Method: </b>Stimuli were created using recordings of speakers producing /ifi/ with a comfortable voice and with maximum vocal effort. RFF values of the comfortable voice samples were synthetically lowered, and RFF values of the maximum vocal effort samples were synthetically raised. Mid-to-high frequency noise was added to the samples. Twenty listeners rated strain in a visual sort-and-rate task. The effects of RFF modification and added noise on strain were assessed using an analysis of variance; intra- and interrater reliability were compared with and without noise.</div><div><b>Results:</b> Lowering RFF in the comfortable voice samples increased their perceived strain, whereas raising RFF in the maximum vocal effort samples decreased their strain. Adding noise increased strain and decreased intra- and interrater reliability relative to samples without added noise.</div><div><b>Conclusions:</b> Both RFF and mid-to-high frequency noise contribute to the perception of strain. The presence of dysphonia may decrease the reliability of auditory-perceptual evaluation of strain, which supports the need for complementary objective assessments.</div><div><br></div><div><b>Supplemental Material S1.</b> Visual sort-and-rate (VSR) task for synthetic quality.</div><div><br></div><div>Park, Y., Díaz Cádiz, M., Nagle, K. F., & Stepp, C. E. (2020). Perceptual and acoustic assessment of strain using synthetically modified voice samples. <i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research</i>. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00294</div>