Quantifying apical and laminal /s/ (Stone et al., 2019) Maureen Stone Arnold D. Gomez Jiachen Zhuo Ange Lydie Tchouaga Jerry L. Prince 10.23641/asha.9733709.v1 https://asha.figshare.com/articles/software/Quantifying_apical_and_laminal_s_Stone_et_al_2019_/9733709 <div><b>Purpose:</b> Anterior tongue shape during /s/ production is often described as “tip-up” or apical, versus “tipdown” or laminal. Typically, this is determined by observing the shape of the anterior midline tongue. The purpose of this study was to identify methods of curvature calculation that quantify the observed shape differences and to examine whether the shape differences were affected by palate shape. Previous work shows that palate height has some effect (Grimm et al., 2017).</div><div><b>Method: </b>Four curvature-based measures were applied to a series of points selected along the tongue surface in midsagittal cine magnetic resonance images during speech. The measures were minimal curvature, averaged largest curvature (ALC), normalized ALC, and interpolated normalized ALC. These measures were compared to visual judgments of apical and laminal /s/. Anterior palate shape was measured from dental casts.</div><div><b>Results: </b>The apical /s/ contained a flat or concave region in the anterior tongue, while the laminal /s/ had a convex shape along the entire tongue. Thus, the laminal shape was less complex than the apical. The last 2 metrics, based on averages of multiple normalized curvatures, captured this complexity difference. Subjects with a more steeply sloped anterior palate tended to use laminal /s/.</div><div><b>Conclusions: </b>The tongue shape for the 2 /s/ types was best defined by complexity of the shape, rather than local anterior shape. Statistical quantities that measured curvature in multiple locations, and normalized across subjects, were best at distinguishing the 2 /s/ shapes. Interpolating additional points between the manually selected ones did not improve the method.</div><div><br></div><div><b>Supplemental Material S1.</b> Matlab data input (in .xlsx file).</div><div><br></div><div><b>Supplemental Materials S2-S5. </b>Matlab code files (CurvatureCalc [S2], fitcircle [S3], fitcircle 3D [S4], main [S5]).</div><div><br></div><div>Stone, M., Gomez, A. D., Zhuo, J., Tchouaga, A. L., & Prince, J. L. (2019). Quantifying tongue tip shape in apical and laminal /s/: Contributions of palate shape. <i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research</i>. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-19-0114</div> 2019-08-30 21:02:13 speech tongue tip shape apical laminal quantify palate /s/ production anterior tip-up tip-down midline curvature observed differences height MRI averaged largest curvature normalized interpolated visual judgments dental casts flat concave convex clinical Linguistic Processes (incl. Speech Production and Comprehension) Anatomy